Feminist and Empowerment Theory for Soujourner -myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theFeminist and Empowerment Theory for Soujourner Truth. Answer: Key thoughts gave in this article: In this quite certain article, the writer delineates a top to bottom review about the significance of women's activist and strengthening hypotheses to comprehend sociopolitical level of social work appraisal and intercession. The creator in this setting has opined that the substandard status that ladies need to assign is because of social disparity, preservationist conviction and male predominance in the public arena. According to the idea of strengthening, various women's activist researchers help conventional ladies how they are persecuted and ruled in the public eye. Ladies should limit themselves under shade regardless of whether they have enough aptitudes and gifts. Along these lines, the creator has raised voice for consolidating common relationship in the general public. The larger idea shared relationship connotes that the two people ought to be treated with equivalent regard and nobility. Male ought not communicate any sort of impolite demeanor towards ladies that can hurt their pride and competency. Strengthening has gotten one of the fundamental pieces of women's activist hypothesis. In United States, the primary flood of woman's rights rose in nineteenth century. The ladies brought their voice up in dissent of sexual orientation in-balance, extraordinary degree of segregation and least open doors in business associations. Lady representatives needed to battle massively for being related with a business association. Then again, ladies got least chances to hold the higher situation of an association because of their unsure profession development. Not just white ladies apparently fought against imbalance. Soujourner Truth was conceived as sl ave around then. This specific individual likewise energized the womens show meeting in Akron. The writer expressed in this article endless women's activists apparently fought against inconsistent compensation structure and inconsistent option to hold the position. While working in a business association ladies were not offered the equivalent appreciation that they merit. Likewise, the compensation structure of ladies in a business association is not exactly a male worker. The basic role of developing women's activist strengthening is to speak loudly of ladies against this disparity and segregation at all over the place. Ladies of today are proficient enough in overseeing and controlling an association. Regardless of they didn't get enough open doors for holding the higher position. The writer in this quite certain article has raised voice on how women's activist and strengthening approaches leave a significant positive effect in changing the musings and convictions of overwhelming society. The social specialist scholars of women's activists propose working with people, gather ings and networks for accomplishing social changes, human rights and social equity. Key inquiries rose up out of this article: The key essential inquiries that have risen up out of this article are as per the following: What is the significance of women's activist and strengthening hypotheses in todays World? What are the components that impacted a lady exceptionally to challenge imbalance and unreasonable? Did these strengthening hypotheses leave a significant effect in acquiring a significant change society? What are the intercession procedures that affected a lady to show their abilities in the public arena? End: In the wake of experiencing this quite certain article, it has been assessed that women's activist scholars left a significant commitment for rendering a change inside society. Ladies of today are considered as productive for taking care of the whole procedure of business. They are believed to deal with administrative position. The effect of upheaval in US and Europe in the nineteenth century left huge effect for changing todays World. The white ladies, yet in addition ladies from various social foundations and perspectives raised their anxiety for accomplishing human rights. They started the estimation of against separation in the general public. Ladies ought to be treated with equivalent regard and nobility in the general public. Various researchers of women's activists have opined that ladies have the competency of trying sincerely and indicating their abilities past going their family unit exercises. Thusly, associations should give the estimation of their training too. The write r in this unmistakable article has called attention to the job of social women's activist researchers in instructing and building up the generalization brain science of individuals. Executing the intensity of common relationship ought to be the worry of social individuals. Individual ought not height their competency according to sexual orientation. Ladies ought to be decided as a human who can similarly remain in the general public as an informed and skillful individual like a man. Ladies reserve each option to share their insight and experience. Reference List: Turner, S. G., Maschi, T. M. (2015). Women's activist and strengthening hypothesis and social work practice. Diary of Social Work Practice, 29(2), 151-162.

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Islam - Essay Example to a strict and social test since the two sections were continually provoking each other offering ascend to a contention loaded connection between the two strict gatherings. There were various courses that were taken by each gathering and with the European adopting an alternate strategy they considered the Muslims as â€Å"others† who were not to be viewed in a similar light as the Europeans did. It is along these lines critical to comprehend the examples that turned out in the medieval times and the various talks that had been built up so as to comprehend the various convictions and affirmations by the European Christians towards Islam. This paper takes a gander at the counter Islam talk of Medieval Europe that filled the campaigns to nineteenth century Orientalism that created European imperialism. In 1798 the French drove by Napoleon Bonaparte took over Egypt a fete that had not been overseen before in the medieval age since they had taken one of the Islam controlled districts that drew a ton of intensity from the Islamic religion and convictions. The French soldiers that took the city accepted that they were freeing the individuals from the standard and taking and helping them gain edification. The Europeans were in the time of illumination and albeit a portion of the logicians took the convictions of Islam and conceptualized their implications in understanding to what is genuine others utilized the religion convictions to demonstrate their aversion with Christianity and the European convictions (Harlow Barbara and Mia 58). There was likewise the worldview of the predominance of European Civilization that got prevailing among the academicians and Europeans. The ascent of Europe appeared to be inescapable and Europe turned into the most predominant model because of its progres sions and ascent of scholastic prevalence over different models accordingly marking Islam as â€Å"others†. The Muslims that were for this situation being marked as the Orient were related with stagnation and idleness implying that the Europeans considered Christianity and the European culture to

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The United States Deteriorating Education System Essay

Despite recent attempts to reform, there is no question that the United States education system is falling behind the education systems of other developed nations. The Programme for International Student Assessment, also known as PISA, is an international organization which measures performance of high school students throughout the world (United States, Highlights from PISA iii), and the results of its most recent series of examinations have shown that high school students in the United States are desperately trailing behind their peers in the rest of the developed world (United States, Highlights from PISA 12). Recent initiatives such as the No Child Left Behind Act have attempted to improve the state of our deteriorating education†¦show more content†¦Finland, for example, requires a grueling matriculation exam in order to pass high school, composed of one native language test and three other tests chosen by the test taker, in a broad range of subjects such as physics, philosophy, history, foreign languages and mathematics exams of varying difficulty (Finland). Results from the matriculation exams determine the students prospects for postsecondary education, which is free for Finnish citizens (Gamerman). One consequence of Finlands intense matriculation exams is that students arrive at universities fully prepared for their studies, and students who do not wish to continue on into college have sufficient preparation for a career. Japan, on the other hand, has an entirely different method of encouraging its students to perform well in school. Rather than a comprehensive high school exit exam, Japanese universities each have their own uniquely arduous entrance exams, (Okano and Tsuchiya 114). The exams are highly competitive, so there is great pressure on the student to perform well in order to get into the university of the students choosing. High schools in Japan help to prepare students for university entrance exams, and juku, or cram schools are another popular method of preparing for the exams (Okano and Tsuchiya 60). By putting a great deal of responsibility on the student, the Japanese system encourages students to achieve on their own by preparing for entranceShow MoreRelatedLiteracy Rate For Both Female And Male Sits At 99 Per Cent922 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States, literacy rate for both female and male sits at 99 per cent. This percentage translates into Americans having the ability to read and write and to use basic numeracy. However, over the past years the United States,in comparison to other developed nations has been constantly ranked in the bottom tier for low educational attainment. According to Pearson- the world’s leading learning company-, United States ranks fourteenth out of forty countries in the category of â€Å"cognitive skillsRead MoreSouth America, France, And Detroit979 Words   |  4 PagesChallenging Regions: South America, France, and Detroit For each successful school system, one could identify multiple systems that have failed or are currently failing. Challenging or underperformed school systems can be found at the continental, country or state level. Additional challenges are found both in developed and underdeveloped regions. Nonetheless, there are a myriad of reasons that contribute to school system failures, regardless of locations. Social, economical, cultural or pragmatic aspectsRead MoreLeaving The Nest : The United States1047 Words   |  5 Pagescountries United States and Mexico have established an interesting relationship since their rise of independence. Within this relationship, several differences appear. These nations have had their fair share of struggles; yet both manage to coexist fairly well. When comparing both of these countries on the basis of commerce, education, and political stability the commonalities, discrepancies, and relationships become evident. As well as, the factors for the mass Mexic an immigration to the United StatesRead MoreWhat s Wrong With The Education System938 Words   |  4 PagesWhat’s Wrong With The Education System in America. By Yuridia Chavez- Maciel The United States spends more money on education each year than any other country in the world, but the education system is not thriving. Three decades ago, America was the leader in the quality of high school diplomas, yet, students in the U.S. rate 31st in math literacy and 23rd in science in comparison to the rest of the world. (Federal Reserve Bank of New York) The country that is distinguished as beingRead MoreAvah Sherman. Professor Highfill. Engl 1304. 1 May 2017.1532 Words   |  7 Pages1304 1 May 2017 The declining value of education in America Since the end of the Cold War, there have been a number of changes that have occurred globally. The mobile communication and internet technology has exposed this world to the new avenues of possibilities. With the advent of globalization, a borderless world has started to emerge, and the significance and demand of the education in this new world education has grown even more. The United States and the entire Western region has been witnessingRead MoreHealth Care Vs. Healthcare System1052 Words   |  5 Pagesthe whole universe. Body system requires functioning well in order to be active to perform daily living activities. Unfortunately, there are many health related issues and diseases that have been serious challenges to human kind. Diseases such as cancer, HIV, chronic illnesses, unpredicted accidents, and many others have been unavoidable situation for some people. Each ethnicity groups also are genetically tied to a certain type of illnesses. Poverty and lack of education pl ay a major role in theseRead MoreInclusion And Full Of Half Truths Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesto be fascinating, somewhat bias and full of half-truths. Of course, there was research conducted, statistics, graphs, and charts, by so called professionals within education who want people to believe their conclusions. These findings are merely illusion of inclusion and used as tools to utilized as it relates to the educational system. Let’s study this a little deeper. For instance, I teach criminal justice in a predominately black high school. This subject affects all cultures, races, and economicRead MoreThe Social Issues That Surround Me889 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Sonography Major, from a small German Catholic town in Michigan the lectures on Healthcare, Family, and Education made the greatest impact on me and gained my upmost attention. As a college student, it was not at all difficult for me, and I would imagine for the rest of the class, to relate to the topics mentioned throughout the lecture. A fundamental and essential key to success, education and a diploma have become the means to a future; however, if you cannot afford to obtain this crucial partRead MoreExamination of the Education System in Idiot Nation, by Michael Moore 1351 Words   |  5 Pageshis essay, â€Å"Idiot Nation,† Michael Moore directly conveys the horrid truth behind American education when he utters the sheer words, â€Å"the knowledge (students) acquire in school is not going to serve them throughout their lifetimes. Many of them will have four to five careers in a lifetime. It will be their ability to navigate information that will matter† (Moore 141). According to Moore, American education today is by no means preparing students for the real world of work. In fact, he infers thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Cultural On Health We Can Draw An Analysis Of A Tree Within A Forest1350 Words   |  6 Pageswould not try this intervention. Beliefs can be powerful forces that affect our health and capacity to heal. From a cultural perspective, they influence us by modifying our behaviour or they stimulate physiological changes in our endocrine or immune systems. Understanding how social, structural, psychological, and cultural factors affect physical health and being sensitive to these factors can make an important difference in health outcomes. Beliefs affect how and from whom a person will seek care,

Aspects Of Lincoln The Election Of 1864 - 2659 Words

ASPECTS OF LINCOLN: The Election of 1864 Kim Zenor Civil War 10/09/14 ASPECTS OF LINCOLN: The Election of 1864 INTRODUCTION There are many events, places, and people whose presence in the course of human history has had a significant effect on that history, like the Fall of Rome and The Black Plague in the Middle-Ages that saw the deaths of nearly half of the population of Europe. These significant events have a profound effect on the present and future of the societies yet to come. American history is no different. There are moments that changed the paradigm of our young civilization. The Rebellion of the 13 colonies against Britain, the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the development the Constitution, and the wining of the Revolutionary War are just a few. Without these events the reality of American society would be incredibly different, in fact, it might not exist at all. The Civil War is another such occurrence in American history that shaped and decided the course that this country would take. When we think of the Civil War the average person immediately thinks of the ending of slavery a nd the Emancipation Proclamation, the bloody Battle of Gettysburg, and the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. While these events were all serious elements of the War, it is not the full picture. There are many myths that have arisen in relation to both the Civil War and Abraham Lincoln that have become legend and theShow MoreRelatedThe Passing of the Emancipation Proclamation as the Result of Lincoln’s Desire to Undermine the Southern Economy1253 Words   |  6 PagesLincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation completed the most significant u-turn in American history. Months before, in the Crittendon Resolution, Lincoln had explicitly stated that Union forces would not target Southern plantations, and that the South would be welcomed back into the Union with or without the slave system. At this point, Lincoln regarded slavery as a potentially divisive issue and, as noted by the historians Johansson and Hofstatder, aimed to avoid anything thatRead MoreAnalysis Of J. Tracy Power s Lee s Miserables1429 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most prominent armies of the civil war the Army of Northern Virginia is one of the most commonly analyzed aspects of the confederacy. In J. Tracy Power’s Lee’s Miserables, Power evaluates the mindset of the soldiers by following their correspondence to family members as well as their use of diaries. The book is designed to demonstrate the psychological changes of the soldiers from The Battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania to the eventual surrender of the army at Appomattox. PowerRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln s Presidency1589 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln’s presidency, Lincoln made a vast number of speeches and wrote many letters. These letters and speeches focused on a variety of topics and issues that were prominent before, during, and after the time of the Civil War. During this time, slavery was one of, if not the top main issue in the Unit ed States. Lincoln was very outspoken on his views of slavery, what he wanted to happen, and what he did not want to happen with the institution. One of the main points that Lincoln makes throughout hisRead MoreEconomics, Political, And Union Leadership1296 Words   |  6 PagesEconomics, political viewpoint, and union leadership were the primary reason the union won the war. Although, Abraham Lincoln, committed to the preservation of the union, his leadership was not the primary reason the north won. The union economy had an advantage to winning the war over the south. The northern states had more money; which allowed them to increase their assets, such as, their industries, technologies, as well as transportation. The North acquired their money by raising loans and issuingRead MoreFrederick Douglass And President Lincoln1524 Words   |  7 PagesThesis: Douglass and President Lincoln agreed that slavery needed to be abolished and the Nation needed to be united as one. Lincoln realized that he needed to bring in Frederick Douglass; the combination of a strong and influential black leader and the President of the United States could now create a cohesive group of abolitionists and the Union. Frederick Douglass realized that President Lincoln’s own personality and political judgment would help him free slaves across the country. Realizing eachRead MoreThe Events Leading Up to the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe events leading up to the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln There are men who want to take my life. And I have no doubt they will do it. . . If it is to be done, it is impossible to prevent it. This quote can closely be related to Abraham Lincoln and his assassination. This shows that President Lincoln was committed to his beliefs and traditions. When Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, it was because his killer was an anti-abolitionist, and he did not agree with Lincoln’s ways. HeRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe reconstruction era was a time that then affected America in positive facets and negative aspects as well, and still affects America today. Thanks to the reconstruction era, there are several implementations that geared the world on the path in which it is today. Had it not been for some of the laws that were set in place African Americans may have not had many of the opportunities that were presented during the reconstruction period, therefore the years of oppression and cruelty might s till beRead More Spirits and Abraham Lincoln: Letters to President Lincoln Concerning Spiritualism2806 Words   |  12 Pagesnineteenth century, American spiritualists maintained that Abraham Lincoln had been a spiritualist too. Whenever they drew up lists of prominent believers, Lincoln was foremost among the reformers, judges, governors, senators, and scientists whose stature lent credence to their movement. In this paper, I look at letters written to President Lincoln by spiritualists or about spiritualism, but it is not my aim to determine whether or not Lincoln was a spiritualist. Instead, I use these letters to reflectRead MoreReconstruction Of The American Civil War1861 Words   |  8 Pagesthe mexican’s defeat to popular sovereignty. Afterwards, Abraham Lincoln was elected as the 16th president in the election of 1860. The Battle of Fort Sumter occurs on April 12 of 1861, which lasted to April 14, 1861. This battle was the first battle of Civil War (Tyler). Also, the Union attempted to resupply the fort and the South fired on the fort, which made the war unavoidable. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Lincoln, in January 1, 1863, which freed all slaves in the ConfederateRead MoreGeneral Sherman And The Match Of The Sea1919 Words   |  8 Pageslost the battle, but President Abraham Lincoln saw his promise and promoted him to Brigadier General on August seventh, 1861. Before his March to the sea he had accomplished a lot, an example of this is the Atlanta campaign that took place between May and September 1864. Together with General Grant, they believed that they had to destroy the Confederacy’s capacity for waging war. They would do this by attacking the economic, strategic, and physiological aspects of the South to bring it to its knees

Sojourner Truth Essay Free Essays

Sojourner Truth was born in 1797 on the Colonel Johannes Hardenbergh estate in Swartekill, in Ulster County, a Dutch settlement in upstate New York. Her given name was Isabella Baumfree, also spelled Bomefree. She was one of 13 children born to Elizabeth and James Baumfree, also slaves on the Hardenbergh plantation. We will write a custom essay sample on Sojourner Truth Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now She spoke only Dutch until she was sold from her family around the age of nine. Isabella suffered very cruel treatment once her first master died and she was sold to her next master, John Neely. Neely’s wife and family only spoke English and beat Isabella fiercely for the frequent miscommunications. She learned to speak English quickly, but she still had her Dutch accent. She later spoke up and said that Neely once whipped her with â€Å"a bundle of rods, prepared in the embers, and bound together with cords. † During this time that she began praying aloud when she became scared or hurt. In 1815, she fell in love with a slave named Robert. Robert’s owner forbade the relationship because he did not want his slave having children with a slave he did not own. One night Robert visited Isabella, but was followed by his owner and son, who beat him savagely, bruising and mangling his head and face, and dragged him away. She never got to see him again. Isabella had a daughter shortly thereafter, named Diana. In 1817, she was forced to marry an older slave named Thomas. They had four children: Peter, James, who died young, Elizabeth, and Sophia. In 1799, the state of New York began to legislate the gradual abolition of slaves, which was supposed to happen July 4, 1827. Dumont had promised Isabella freedom a year before the state emancipation if she would do well and be faithful. However, he reneged on his promise. She continued working until she felt she had done enough to satisfy her sense of obligation to him. She then escaped with her infant daughter, Sophia. Isabella went the home of Isaac and Maria Van Wagenen. Dumont found her and demanded her to go back. When she refused he threatened to take her baby. Isaac offered to buy her services for the remainder of the year. Dumont accepted his offer for $20. Isaac and Maria insisted Isabella not call them â€Å"master† and â€Å"mistress,† but by their names. Once Isabella heard about her son she immediately set to work retrieving her young son Peter. He had recently been sold illegally to a slave holder in Alabama. She took it to the court and won. She was one of the first African Americans to win a court case. Isabella had a life-changing religious experience and became inspired to preach. In 1829, she left Ulster County and became known as a remarkable preacher, whose influence was miraculous. She soon met Elijah Pierson, a religious reformer who advocated strict adherence to Old Testament laws for salvation. In 1834, Pierson had died and the Folger family accused Isabella of stealing their money and poisoning Elijah. Everything was eventually acquitted. Isabella settled in New York City, but she had lost what savings and possessions she had. She resolved to leave and make her way as a traveling preacher. On June 1, 1843, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth. She traveled, depending on the kindness of strangers. She began dictating her memoirs to Olive Gilbert. The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave was published privately by William Lloyd Garrison in 1850. It gave her an income and increased her speaking engagements. She spoke about anti-slavery and women’s rights, often giving personal testimony about her experiences as a slave. That same year, 1850, Benson’s cotton mill failed and he left Northampton. In 1854, at the Ohio Woman’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, she gave her most famous speech, with the legendary phrase, â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman? † During the Civil War, she spoke on the Union’s behalf, as well as for enlisting black troops for the cause and freeing slaves. In 1864, she worked among freed slaves at a government refugee camp on an island in Virginia and was employed by the National Freedman’s Relief Association in Washington, D. C. She also met President Abraham Lincoln in October. In 1863, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s article â€Å"The Libyan Sibyl† appeared in the Atlantic Monthly; a romanticized description of Sojourner. In 1870, she began campaigning for the federal government to provide former slaves with land. She pursued this for seven years. In 1874, she developed ulcers on her leg. She was successfully treated by Dr. Orville Guiteau, veterinarian, but had to return home due to illness once more. She did toured as much as she could, still campaigning for free land for former slaves. In 1879, Sojourner was delighted as many freed slaves began migrating west and north on their own. She spent a year helping refugees and speaking in white and black churches trying to gain support for the â€Å"Exodusters† as they tried to build new lives for themselves. This was her last mission. In July of 1883, with ulcers on her legs, she sought treatment through Dr. John Harvey Kellogg at his famous Battle Creek Sanitarium. It is said he grafted some of his own skin onto her leg. Sojourner returned home and died there on November 26, 1883, at 86 years old. She was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery next to her grandson. WORK CITIED Pauli, Hertha Ernestine. Her Name Was Sojourner Truth. NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962. Slave Narratives. NY: Library of America, 2000. Stetson, Erlene, and Linda David. Glorying in Tribulation: The Lifework of Sojourner Truth. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1994. http://www. biography. com/people/sojourner-truth-9511284 http://www. harpyness. com/2009/02/09/honoring-sojourner-truth-1797-1883/ How to cite Sojourner Truth Essay, Essay examples

Organizational Behavior case free essay sample

Kara out of courtesy added her office boss as her facebook friend but soon her boss started to interfere in her personal life. Kara had to leave her job when her boss started manipulating her work hours through her personal information. Bullies, a common fact in elementary schools, have entered in workplaces too. Both male and female bosses bully their employees. Most of the time, the bullied employees either remain silent or leave their job. In these cases, coworkers are not helpful and often blame the victims thinking they deserve it. Sometimes bosses think bullying makes the employees to do their job more effectively and they think fear of being bullied motivate them to perform better. But actually it has the opposite effects. The bullied employees are less motivated to perform extra-role or citizenship behavior or speak positively about the organization. Question Answer Q. How does workplace bullying violate the rules of organizational justice? Answer: There are three main organizational justices such as Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice and Interactional Justice. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The theories of justices are created to make the workplace an effective and a pleasant place, where everyone treated as the same fairness. For instance: Interactional justice concerns fairness of how individuals treat one another not only when resources are distributed but in everyday interactions, as well. However, workplace bullying is the opposite side of interactional justice: Persistent, offensive, abusive, intimidating or insulting behaviors, abuse of power or unfair penal sanctions which makes the recipient feel upset, threatened, humiliated or vulnerable, which undermines their self-confidence and which may cause them to suffer stress Based upon theories we can say that workplace bullying violate the rules of organizational justice by avoiding interactional justice in organizations. Q. What aspects of motivation might workplace bullying reduce? For example, are there likely to be effects on employee’s self efficacy? If so, what might those effects be? Answer: Workplace bullying may reduce an employee’s esteem, safety and security, and self actualization according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Workplace bullying can also affect one’s self efficacy. An employee with low self efficacy, when bullied, can experience a decline in their already low self efficacy which may decrease his/her need for achievement, need for power, and need for affiliation based on McClelland’s theory of needs. There are not too many people, which if they are being bullied would want to achieve a new position, attain power, or even want to belong to such a company where other employee’s are bullies. Q. If you were a victim of workplace bullying, what steps would you take to try to reduce its occurrence? What strategies would be most effective? What strategies might be ineffective? What would you do if one of your colleagues was a victim of an abusive supervisor? Answer: If I were a victim of workplace bullying, I would first approach my bully and inform him/her of the inappropriate behavior. If the behavior continued and the bully was not management, then I would go to management and let them know there is a problem. If the bully was a part of management, I would seek help from the special groups in most companies that are dedicated to unfair behavior within the company. If the company had no such group, I would do the opposite of what the bully expects my reaction to be. I think going to the special group would be effective, but if there is no such group then going to management would be the next best thing. Retaliation and confrontation would not be effective strategies. There would be nothing worse than having workplace bullying turn into workplace violence. I would help a colleague who is or was victims of an abusive supervisor seek the necessary help in the most effective manner. Q. What factors do you believe contribute to workplace bullying? Are bullies a product of the situation, or are they flawed personalities? What situations and what personality factors might contribute to the presence of bullies? Answer: Insecurity, lack of confidence, and low self esteem are a few factors that could contribute to workplace bullying. Authoritarian personalities are driven by the fear of being weak and summarized them as people with a blind belief in authority and readiness to attack those who are regarded as weak or as socially acceptable as victims. An employee who may be insecure or threatened about loss of his/her position may resort to bullying. Within a negative social climate, low satisfaction with leadership was found to be an organizational feature strongly identified with bullying. An employee with low confidence and low self esteem may find an outlet to deal with these issues by bullying others. Bullies are both products of situation and flawed personalities. Bullying is the result of negative and stressful working environment. Sometimes the work is too much stressful for the bosses so they bully their subordinates to get rid of the stress and sometimes it is their twisted personality that contributes to the presence of workplace bullying.

Free Essays on Ayn Rand

AYN RAND The Fountainhead  · SETTING- Plane ticket- the story took place in metropoliton new york, but Rorke often finds himself travaling it many different places just to find a job.  · MAJOR CHARACTER-Howard Rorke- Light Bulb- Howard Rorke has new ideas that vary few accept. The light bulb is an odd shape which symbolizes Rorke’s new, diffrent ideas.  · MOOD-struggle against society- paper clip chain- Rorke often finds society tring to mold him to society’s chains, that keeps the people in conformity.  · THEME- Building something from nothing- ruler, pencil, eraser- The major theme of the story is building something from nothing, like buildings, relationships, or love. The tools symbolize an architect’s tools that he works with to create new things.  · CLIMAX- Rorke keeping his stand- blueprint/ picture of house- Rorke is asked to make decision between building one last building of his choice, and then conform to society and build what they want, or never build again. Rorke chose to never work again rather then compromise his ideals.  · QUOTE-"Sometimes, he was asked to show his sketches; he extended them across a desk, feeling a contraction of shame in the muscles of his hand; it was like having the clothes torn off his body, and the shame was not, that his body was exposed, but that it was exposed to indifferent eyes." Part 1, Chapter 8, pg. 99- Ken doll- the Ken doll shows how Rorke must have felt exposed to the world when he would show his skeches of buliding that he put his soul into and then for the the people not to care.  · CHOICE (ANOTHER CHARACTER)-Dominique- flower- she is decribes as being the ideal woman. She is perfect like a flower, but also she is like a flower because she must bloom into her true self.... Free Essays on Ayn Rand Free Essays on Ayn Rand Life and Philosophy of Ayn Rand In order to fully understand Ayn Rand’s philosophy you must understand the time and place she came from. The woman who would become Ayn Rand was born Alissa Zinovievna Rosenbaumon on February 2, 1905 in St. Petersburg, Russia. Her father was a successful pharmacist while her mother was involved in the theater. They would be considered members of the intellectual class. During the early part of the 20th century most women did not have much choice on what they wanted to do with their lives. Being a woman in Russia was even more limited than being in America. Ayn taught herself to read at the age of six and three short years later decided to make writing fiction her career. Her determination to stand up for what she believes and not to let her upbringing hold her back is why I chose her to be the subject of my paper. In 1917, the Russian Revolution broke out and her father’s business was seized by the Bolsheviks. The family relocated to the Crimean Peninsula. In 1926 she traveled alone to the United States never to return to her Russia. Her experiences growing up in St. Petersburg, fleeing Crimea, and returning to the University of St. Petersburg had a tremendous impact on her philosophy. Her experience’s in oppressive, communistic Russia directly correlated to her numerous works and philosophy. Not long after her arrival to the United States Ayn moved from Chicago, where she stayed with family, to Hollywood. There she applied for a job as a screenwriter at the DeMille Studios. She was not a star as of yet. She got a job working for Cecil DeMille as an extra and a script reader on the film â€Å"The King of Kings†. Although this job did not bring upon stardom this is where she met Frank O’Connor, her soon to be husband. The next few years Ayn worked at odd jobs such as being a waitress. In 1929 she finally married Frank O’Connor and began working on the first novel she had publ... Free Essays on Ayn Rand AYN RAND The Fountainhead  · SETTING- Plane ticket- the story took place in metropoliton new york, but Rorke often finds himself travaling it many different places just to find a job.  · MAJOR CHARACTER-Howard Rorke- Light Bulb- Howard Rorke has new ideas that vary few accept. The light bulb is an odd shape which symbolizes Rorke’s new, diffrent ideas.  · MOOD-struggle against society- paper clip chain- Rorke often finds society tring to mold him to society’s chains, that keeps the people in conformity.  · THEME- Building something from nothing- ruler, pencil, eraser- The major theme of the story is building something from nothing, like buildings, relationships, or love. The tools symbolize an architect’s tools that he works with to create new things.  · CLIMAX- Rorke keeping his stand- blueprint/ picture of house- Rorke is asked to make decision between building one last building of his choice, and then conform to society and build what they want, or never build again. Rorke chose to never work again rather then compromise his ideals.  · QUOTE-"Sometimes, he was asked to show his sketches; he extended them across a desk, feeling a contraction of shame in the muscles of his hand; it was like having the clothes torn off his body, and the shame was not, that his body was exposed, but that it was exposed to indifferent eyes." Part 1, Chapter 8, pg. 99- Ken doll- the Ken doll shows how Rorke must have felt exposed to the world when he would show his skeches of buliding that he put his soul into and then for the the people not to care.  · CHOICE (ANOTHER CHARACTER)-Dominique- flower- she is decribes as being the ideal woman. She is perfect like a flower, but also she is like a flower because she must bloom into her true self....

Denegacin papeles a cubanos por inadmisibilidad

Denegacin papeles a cubanos por inadmisibilidad El rechazo de las peticiones de las visas CMPP o de las tarjetas de residencia confunde a muchos cubanos. Sin embargo, hay una causa que frecuentemente est detrs de este problema. Destacar que en la actualidad ya no se admiten ms solicitudes de visas CMPP, si bien se tramitan las pendientes de resolucià ³n final. Requisitos para que la CMPP y la tarjeta de residencia sean aprobadas para los cubanos Es necesario que se cumplan los requisitos que se piden para todos los solicitantes de una tarjeta de residencia, cualquiera que sea su nacionalidad. Por lo tanto, tanto la green card -tambià ©n conocida como tarjeta o permiso de residencia- como la visa CMPP sern rechazadas si el que la pide es inadmisible  segà ºn las leyes de los Estados Unidos. Y es aquà ­ donde los cubanos suelen encontrar un gran obstculo porque afecta a un gran nà ºmero de ellos: membresà ­a en el partido comunista. Cuando una persona rellena la peticià ³n de residencia permanente o de visa CMPP debe contestar la verdad sobre si ha pertenecido a un partido totalitario o al partido comunista o a alguna organizacià ³n relacionada (hay que entender juventudes comunistas y similares). En los casos en los que el solicitante tenga un pasado de militancia comunista el USCIS puede rechazar la aplicacià ³n de la visa CMPP o de la tarjeta de residente. Hay alguna alternativa para evitar el rechazo de la visa CMPP o de la tarjeta de residencia? En determinados casos pueden aplicar excepciones a la regla general, con lo cual sà ­ se aprobarà ­a la peticià ³n, o incluso cabe solicitar un perdà ³n. Serà ­a posible beneficiarse de una excepcià ³n a la aplicacià ³n de la regla general cuando: Han transcurrido dos aà ±os desde que se causà ³ baja en el partido comunista, que se aumentar a cinco se trata de ciudadanos de paà ­ses regidos por el partido comunista, como es el caso de Cuba o China. La inactividad, como dejar de pagar las cuotas al partido o dejar de participar en sus actividades se puede considerar como que se ha renunciado a la membresà ­a comunista. La afiliacià ³n fue involuntaria, porque era necesaria para conseguir alimentos, trabajo u otros bienes esenciales. Si bien este punto tiene la dificultad de la prueba en muchas ocasiones.La membresà ­a en el partido comunista no era sentida y simplemente era un vehà ­culo para conseguir una ventaja. Este punto tambià ©n puede ser complicado de probar. Es là ³gico esperar que el asunto del pasado comunista està © presente en cualquier entrevista con un oficial consular o de inmigracià ³n y que se pueda pedir al solicitante informacià ³n o documentacià ³n adicional. Adems, si el USCIS niega la solicitud por esta causa, es posible apelar la decisià ³n. Para tener claro cul es la causa concreta del rechazo verificar el nà ºmero y unas letras que aparecen en el documento en el que se notifica el mismo. Si es 212(a)(3)(d), la razà ³n es el pasado comunista. Perdn o waiver Se puede pedir un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver o permiso, cuando el solicitante es: Padre o madre, esposo/a, hijo/a, hermano/a de un ciudadano americano.Esposo/a, hijo/a de un residente permanente legal. En estos casos el oficial consular notificar quà © planilla debe completarse para solicitarlo. Si no es concedido, es posible apelar la decisià ³n. A tener en cuenta Resaltar que si se  miente y posteriormente se descubre la verdad, el mentiroso puede ser demandado y puede quitrsele la documentacià ³n (green card o, si han pasado los aà ±os y se ha naturalizado incluso el pasaporte americano). Mentir en una planilla federal es una idea muy mala con consecuencias que pueden ser gravà ­simas. Incluso si se miente al solicitar la visa se puede estar arrojando a la basura toda posibilidad de conseguir cualquier otro visado hacia los Estados Unidos. Las consecuencias son igual de malas si se le miente de palabra a un agente federal. Situacin legislacin que afecta a cubanos Entre las à ºltimas actuaciones del presidente Barack Obama se encuentra el haber puesto fin a la polà ­tica de pies secos pies mojados y a las visas CMPP. En la actualidad sigue vigente la Ley de Ajuste Cubano, segà ºn la cual se puede solicitar la tarjeta de residencia permanente (green card) al aà ±o y un dà ­a de presencia fà ­sica en Estados Unidos, siempre y cuando el ingreso se hubiera producido de forma legal.   Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

If the goverment takes away gun use right will murders decrease Research Paper

If the goverment takes away gun use right will murders decrease - Research Paper Example About 100 million of them are handguns. Based on survey information from the U.S. justice Department in 2008, about 436,000 violent crimes were performed by offenders visibly armed with guns. Murder is defined as the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another. Gun right is provided in the Bill of Rights. The Second of the Amendments to the Constitution read â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, peoples right to keep and own guns shall not be infringed†. The gun use rights are provided by law makers. The use rights are for example, Right-to-carry laws that allows individual people who attain certain "minimally restrictive" criteria (e.g. as the finishing of a background check and also the gun safety course) to carry with them concealed guns in most public places. This focuses on how the gun is used or handled. Today, there are above 20,000 gun-control laws in the federal, state, and governments local levels. There is no question that guns account for countless murders whether unintentional or intentional. There are allot of people who believe that there is the existence of some causal relationship amongst these phenomena; named that crime decreases because of more strict gun-controlling legislation. As the laws that regulate and limit access to guns may have the effects of decreasing the rate of murder with guns, the variance of murder rates could be attributable to other factors. Kellermann (1993) maintains that the people who become firearms fatalities also had experienced domestic violence, drug abuse and alcohol, at greater rates than the nationals average. Kleck and McElrath, reported that when guns are present (they) "tend to inhibit attacks and, in the case of these attacks, to decrease the probability of injuries (to victims), whereas, once injuries occur, they tend to increase the probability of death."

Technical entrepreneurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Technical entrepreneurs - Essay Example Rated by Forbes Magazine as the 2005 wealthiest person in the world for the twelfth consecutive year, Bill Gates estimated wealth amounts to $27.38 billion based on Microsoft's current stock price (Marcus, 2006). Bill Gates is the co-founder, chairman and chief software architect of Microsoft Corporation, the world's largest software company. He is also the founder of a digital image archiving company that goes by the name of Corbis, which is one of the world's most promising resources of visual information - a broad digital archive of art and photography from public and private collections worldwide. He is one of the best known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution and is widely respected and also widely criticised as having built his business through unfair, illegal, or anti-competitive business practices, and this was recently demonstrated by the US government taking Microsoft to court, an action which was repeated in Europe as well (Didion, 2004). Despite his vast wea lth, Bill Gates has donated approximately 51% of his total fortune to various charitable organisations and scientific research programmes. Bill Gates was born on the 28th of October 1955 in Seattle, Washington to William Gates Senior and Mary Maxwell Gates (McSheriff, 2002). His family was wealthy, and had a strong tradition of education and professionalism. His father was a prominent lawyer, his mother was the first woman regent of the University of Washington and his maternal grandfather was a national bank president (McSheriff, 2002). It is safe to say that Bill Gates came from a privileged background. Bill Gates also has two younger sisters, Kristanne and Libby Gates. Bill Gates was educated at some of the most prestigious schools in the state, and he particularly excelled in elementary school in mathematics and sciences (McSheriff, 2002). Bill Gates went to Seattle's most exclusive preparatory school, Lakeside School where tuition in 1967 was $5 000, more than that at Harvard which was $1 760 (McSheriff, 2002). It was at this school that Bill Gates got introduced to computers as the school rented time on a server, which allowed Bill Gates to pursue an interest in computers at a time when they were not commercially available. He was also a member of the Boy Scouts of America, even attaining the rank of Life Scout during his membership (Peerman, 1999). When he was at high school, he founded a company which sold traffic flow data systems to state governments with Paul Allen. He also helped to create a payroll system in COBOL for a company in Portland, Oregon (Peerman, 1999). In 1973 he enrolled in Harvard University for a pre-law programme where he met his future business partner Steve Ballmer. During his second year, together with Paul Allen and Monte Davidoff, he co-wrote Altair BASIC for the Altair 8800, and dropped out of Harvard during his third year to pursue a career in software development (Murdock, 1998). Despite his success, Bill Gates was briefly jailed in Albuquerque for racing his Porsche 911 in the New Mexico desert. Bill Gates first recognized an opportunity in 1975 after reading an issue of the Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800. Bill Gates contacted the creators of the new microcomputer to inform them that he and others had developed a version of the

Cellular Essay (ameritech) :: essays research papers

The orange is the home digital service area and the yellow is analog service area. Ameritech also offers free long distance all over the U.S.A. With a special package deal they have going right now. For sixty-five dollars a month you get 325 minutes per month. For their Chicago land service area it depends on which plan you pick, because the local rate per minute could either be .25 cents or .29 cents per minute for local calls that went over your minutes you received for free already. The price per minute also changes depending on if you are in the peak or off peak time slots. Peak hours are from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Friday. Off peak times are from 10:01 p.m. to 5:59 a.m. Monday through Friday. Saturday and Sunday are all day off peak and some holidays. Long distance runs from .25 cents per minute to .35 cents per minute. Depending on the distance it varies. If you leave your service area and enter another then roaming charges will be also added. If you decide to go wit h a cellular phone they have package deals that include a cell phone for a thirty five-dollar activation fee. They offer several packages to meet everyone’s needs. You may also upgrade to a better phone, but then you must purchase that phone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I contacted Ameritech and they told me that because I wasn’t a business that they were unable to release that information. They then told me that they would get a hold of one of their managers and maybe they could give me this information. They took my name and number and I never received anymore information. I told them this was for a school project, but that didn’t matter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The PBX I chose was Meridian1 option 11c. This is a powerful PBX that comes in a small package. It supports 30 to 400 lines. Some other features are digital telephones, in building wireless communications, voice messaging, call center, PC-based system management, Ethernet connection, remote connection, keycode software activation, and multimedia applications. This PBX can be easily upgraded to new capabilities. Some of the programs that this PBX can run are Computer Telephony Integration (CTI), Customer Controlled Routing (CCR), and Integrated Voice Response (IVR).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dual-tone multifrequency dial (DTMF) is a keypad containing 12 to 16 buttons. These are arranged in columns and rows. When the buttons are pushed they send two tones to the central exchange.

Drawing on your understanding of the theories of motivation Essay

Drawing on your understanding of the theories of motivation and using examples where appropriate, critically assess the role of money as a motivator? The basic outlook on motivation is that needs equal behaviour which in turn equals satisfaction and vice versa. I.e. you have certain needs or wants, and this causes you to do certain things (behaviour), which satisfy those needs (satisfaction), and this can then change where needs/wants are primary. ‘The underlying idea is that all human beings are motivated to undertake certain actions – including purchasing goods and services and going out to work – by certain needs. Various needs come into play as motivators.'(Abraham Maslow.) Abraham Maslow suggested that we are motivated to satisfy our needs hierarchically: first is the desire to satisfy physiological needs, then the desire for security, the desire for companionship and a sense of belonging, the desire for self-esteem, and the desire for self-actualization, doing what one most wants and is best suited to do. As people’s lower or basic needs are met, broader more in depth issues motivate them. A person needs to feel as if his/her needs have been met on previous level(s) before moving upward. A person will not be motivated by love until he/she has had both his/her physiological and security needs met. For example babies’ needs are as basic as they come. All they wants is food, sleep, and a clean nappy, and not necessarily in that order. As they continue to get their survival needs met, they eventually request that their safety needs be addressed. At this time, their motivations are based purely on basic, survival needs. In all five cases of Maslow’s model, money to some extent plays a vital role in satisfying such needs one way or another. Money is often talked about as the ultimate motivator. It is the basic reason why most of us go to work everyday. It provides us with numerous freedoms. It allows us a variety of choices. If one has no money, or insufficient funds for basic needs, then one will do almost anything to get some. Money is a motivator at this basic level. However, as one begins to have enough to satisfy basic needs, it has less and less effect. People will generally choose to do things they like, prefer or which meets their values and aspirations, rather than seek money for its own sake. Of course, if they are in, or join a reference group whose members have more money than they do, then money may enter the motivational equation again. Equally, if they see other people, especially those within their own company or profession, earning more than they do for the same work (relative deprivation), then they may well be motivated to either complain about money or indeed seek a similar job elsewhere that pays better. However, people in general seem to reach a balance between money and effort, between money and the calls of family and interests. For instance, commission schemes are supposed to motivate increased effort in sales people. The truth of the matter is that for most sales people, they do not. The sales person works as hard as they need in order to get to a level of income that they require. At this point they are said to have â€Å"satisficed† and their needs and income are in balance. Offering more money will not necessarily increase effort beyond this point. Successful organizations use motivational techniques in order for its workforce to be highly efficient and effective. However on the contrary don’t essentially offer monetary rewards in every situation. There are drawbacks of using cash as the only motivator. Though it can motivate employees to be a good workforce, it can make them dishonest. Moreover, there are other ways to motivate people at very low cost, which give the same or even better results as using money. As mentioned above, money can buy almost everything people want, but only almost. There are many things that can not be traded for money. Due to these weak points, money is not as good motivator as it is viewed. First and foremost, money could lead to bad or unlawful performance. Money can really motivate people because, as it is well documented, money can buy satisfaction. Theoretically, workforces will perform better as they know that they will get more money from bonus or a raise. The problem is that in the real world, they do not perform â€Å"better† but perform to â€Å"look better† in their bosses’ eyes. For example, some might try to give an image of high workload by sitting in front of the computer and typing all the time, though they have nothing to type. In some case, they might stagger around the office, especially in front of the bosses’ rooms, so that they will be seen as busy and diligent. The worst case scenario is that they will try to serve their bosses the best, not the company. These are absolutely not the results the company expected from the motivation program. Moreover, if the company implements this program for some time, it may become company culture: money-oriented. Employees will only be concerned about how much money they make and not motivated by the job itself. They might excel as that can generate more earning but they will do something to get more money also. In a company that uses a stock option policy, managers get stocks as their bonus, and this policy can lead to illegal performance and inappropriate actions as Ivan F. Boesky found out to his disadvantage. He was accused of insider trading that led to huge personal profits and eventually a $100 million fine. This scandal was described as one of the worst on Wall Street history, and unsettled public confidence with the fear that stock trading may be fixed. ‘Money is often used for motivating, but it also addresses itself to human greed, which dulls the conscience and may lead to unethical and illegal behaviour.’ (Weihrich and Koontz, 1988) Secondly, companies can use other low cost motivators to motivate their workforces to perform better. â€Å"A personal organiser, complete with a leather case, is one of the gifts being offered to British Telecom employees as part of BT’s â€Å"Living Our Values† initiative. BT is using non-cash benefits to reward exemplary behaviour. The BT initiative is an example of an employer using gift items to enable managers to show gratitude to employees for such things as continuous improvement and teamwork.† (Rue and Byars, 1977) If the company use bonus’s as motivation, it will face a problem if it does not have good strategies to execute it with. For example, if the company gives a bonus every month, this bonus will do no good as a motivator. The reason for this is that if the company gives a bonus to employees every month, employees will feel that the bonus is what they must have as part of their salary, not as a reward for good performance and also the company will not make much profit and in the long run will eventually get rid of some staff. Therefore, if the company really wants employees to work better and better, it has to raise the bonus again and again. In addition to this, there are many utensils that can motivate workforces better than money. In fact, studies have found that non-monetary compensation is an even more vital factor many people. According to Hagemann, ‘the motivation factors ranked with importance by Japanese, American and German companies in the first, second and third places were clearer strategic directives, more information about work and more participation in the job while money was ranked in the ninth place.’ Money can be better motivator as it can indicate the status of the person. This statement is true but not for all situations. There are many people who gain respect from other people because of their good and honest habit though they earn little money. In the meantime, some who are rich but have bad reputation might be considered as dirty people or of a very low status. Nonetheless, there is another argument that an increasing salary is an indicator of success. It might be true but there are many things that can also show success such as more participation and more responsibility, for instance the Prime Minister of Great Britain is not that greatly paid when comparing him with CEO’s of major corporations, lawyers, barristers, footballers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The list goes on, yet the PM’s position is one of the most important and prestigious position in the country. Thirdly, money can not satisfy all needs of people. In reference to Maslow’s theory on motivation ‘money can satisfy only the needs at the lower level.’ According to Plunkett and Attner, â€Å"the physical needs can be satisfied by increasing pay, safety needs can be satisfied by reassuring that jobs will not be eliminated.† For social needs, there are many ways to cope with such as letting the new employee interact in recreational activities of the firm. In these levels of needs, money can be best used only at the lowest level. For example, money cannot buy the sense of belonging in the society, social need. There are many people who are extremely wealthy but can’t interact on a professional and social level with their fellow workmates in the organization well and have to quit their jobs. Some people do not want more money as they are satisfied with their current status or they are more concerned with other things more. For example, some wealthy and successful CEO’s whose needs are in the top levels like self-esteem or self-actualization may not necessarily be motivated by money. To motivate these people, the company might try to make them feel that the job is challenging or make them realise that this is another goal of their lives. The company might provide more opportunities in other fields of the job and send them to some training course to make their job more challenging. Changing the structure of the job is another way to motivate workforces, as it will make them feel that they have more challenge than their routine work. As seen, money is not a good motivator for everybody, as each employee will have dissimilar needs in the hierarchy. Although money is not always seen as a reliable motivator by a number of critics, it does possess its advantages in terms of it leads people towards a goal, it gives them direction and clarification. If there are no bonuses or low wages, where would the motivation be for a worker to work to his/her best ability? If there is a limited reward for your efforts then where will the incentive be to do well? Such questions are always raised in board meetings and meetings between employees and management. Management tend to use money as armour in their toolbox and release their ‘weapon of extra incentive’ when required. On the whole money is not always top employee priority although it is important, because ‘the money that you bring home buys the bread.’ People are also motivated by variety of items and using money as the only motivator is not as good a strategy as it should be. It can motivate people to perform better but only as the external motivator. People do not feel that they really want to work because of â€Å"intrinsic interest in a task† (Kohn, 1998) but they work just for money. This can lead to inefficiency and illusion of performance and also cause corruption and illegality in work. In fact there are many motivators that can bring about the same or even better result as money. Furthermore, using these motivators can reduce the cost of the company also. Last but not least, although money can buy many things, it cannot buy satisfaction and not all employees’ needs can be satisfied by money. Therefore, monetary motivators can not motivate everybody. As seen in this essay, motivating people by money can create some disadvantages and money is not the ‘be all and end all of motivation,’ so the company has to be very wary when using it.

Need For Investment And Various Alternatives For Investment Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4186 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Investment Management is a broad term that encompasses employing, monitoring and evaluating the performance of assets held in various financial instruments. It deals with financial instruments and the major entities involved include financial institutions, insurance firms, banks, individuals, etc. The markets these days being highly volatile, investment management is of prime importance generating returns on assets by combating the risk involved due to surrounding factors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Need For Investment And Various Alternatives For Investment Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The paper basically focuses on the need for investment, various alternatives for investment, timing of investment and the investment process involved. Moreover, the paper also describes the major investment avenues (options) available to investors and the factors and approach that will be taken into consideration while making the investment decision. The paper also throws light on stock market fluctuations and corresponding investment behaviour. It covers the concept of time value of money and margin of safety. The author has also made an effort to describe the capital asset pricing model and arbitrage pricing theory. Futures and options have also been briefly described. Introduction to Investment Management Investment Management involves employing money in financial instruments in the present with an expectation of positive rate of return in the future. The financial instruments may be securities, bonds, assets, etc. Investors such as banks, companies, insurance firms or individuals seek to invest money in order to achieve their financial goals. The money required for investment usually comes from savings of an individual which he uses to get returns in the future. In the modern day scenario, there exist a lot of financial products which provide individuals with a variety of options to entities. Moreover, considering the volatility of markets and frequently changing regulations governing the various financial instruments, investment management is certainly the need of the hour. The money invested needs to be spread across various instruments in order to gain maximum return from the investment. Investment managers indulge into discretionary or advisory management to help the inve stors accomplish their objectives. In advisory investment management, the investment manager suggests alternatives regarding where and when to invest and when to sell the concerned financial instruments. In discretionary investment management, the investment manager has the authority to manage the financial instruments without the approval by the investor. Before investing, the investor has to find answers to few questions in order to come up with a plan for investment. These questions typically are: Why to Invest? What to Invest? Where to Invest? When to Invest? How to Invest? These questions have been answered with reference to investment management as under: Why to Invest? An investor would probably invest to generate an additional source of income to fund his future requirements. Now, when we talk about investment, a persons income majorly involves savings and consumption. Savings are deposited in savings account in bank and are liable to receive 4-5% on interest per annum. Considering the rising levels of inflation, these savings lose value over a period of time. So, the individual switches to fixed deposits which provides him 7-8% per annum of interest rate. So, fixed deposit provides the individual with an acceptable rate of return with minimum or zero potential risk. When we talk about other instruments like shares or securities, it involves potentially high amount of risk due to fluctuating markets. So, the rational behaviour of the investor might not always work. What to Invest? The investor would typically invest his/her savings and financial reserves. Where to Invest? Investment alternatives are spread over a wide range and mainly include: Investment in Bank Deposits Investment in Real Estate Investment in Currencies (Foreign Exchange) Investment in Gold Investment in Equities Investment in Commodities and Derivatives Investment in Government Bonds The investor should typically invest by diversifying his investment among various alternatives to maximize rate of return on his assets with minimum potential exposure to risk. When to Invest? It involves deciding upon the time during which to buy and sell the concerned financial instruments keeping the return on investment in mind. Moreover, the investors residence should be owned and not mortgaged. The investor must be earning sufficiently to meet the demand for current expenses. Moreover, the investor must also be able to take out time and demonstrate control over his emotions for successful management of his investment. How to Invest? Answering this question will enable the individual to define an investment system and an overall investment strategy with rules and regulations for the targeted investment. Investment Management Process The investment management process consists of 5 steps that mainly include: Setting the Investment Objective Establishing Investment Policy Selecting the Portfolio Strategy Selecting the Assets Measuring and Evaluating Performance Setting the Investment Objective Investment objectives may vary from entity to entity be it banks, financial institutions, insurance firms or individuals. For an individual, it may to maximize return on investment with a minimum risk. On the contrary for a bank, it may be minimum interest spread over their cost of funds. Investment objective can be specified in terms of Income, Investment Capital Growth, Stability of investment and Implementation. Before setting the investment objective, SWOT analysis is done to get a better view of individuals current financial situation. It could be done as shown below in the diagram: Moreover in setting the investment objective, a tentative risk tolerance review is also conducted in order to assess the risk associated with each of the alternatives. Establishing the Investment Policy It involves defining a policy that helps in allocation of assets among equities, debt, fixed income securities, real estate and foreign currencies. While defining the policy, the constraints of the investment environment as well as the investor need to be kept in mind. Environmental Constraints include government rules and regulations as well as working of the market place. Individual Constraints include financial capability, risk profile, time available, and understanding of the investment environment. Defining the investment policy for the individual will involve coming up with a strategy and tactics for investment which are in sync with the available alternatives and the operating investment environment. Selecting the Portfolio Strategy Again the portfolio strategy has to be in accordance with the investment objective and the established investment policy and guidelines. It mainly involves an active or a passive strategy. Active strategies have a higher expectation when it comes to the factors influencing the performance of various financial instruments. Passive strategies have minimum expectation input. Active portfolio strategy also takes into consideration the purchase of stocks and subsequent holding period to maximize returns. It also takes into account the spread of portfolio over several sectors and industries and checks the investment worthiness of the current stock. Moreover, the investor also needs to have an investment philosophy depending on the forces affecting the stock market and movement of stock prices. Selecting the Assets This would involve defining the portfolio in a way that risk commensurate with returns. The available alternatives in terms of asset classes involve equity, fixed income securities, real estate, debt instruments, currencies, art objects, rare stamps, etc. The investor has to manage his portfolio from time to time and balance all of the above instruments in accordance with the objectives. Measuring and Evaluating Performance This involves analysing the performance of the portfolio against a realistic benchmark. An investor or manager would mainly consider the risk-return profile while evaluating the performance and this evaluation will provide him with feedback regarding the improvements that can be made in the quality of portfolio. Investment Environment Introduction Investment environment is of prime importance as it helps the investor know about the demand supply gap that exists in case of various commodities and services. Each country has its own economy and several markets enable interaction among these economies. The market basically consists of: The Regulator (E.g. SEBI in case of India) The Trading Platform and its system (E.g. National Stock Exchange) Brokers (E.g. Broking Firms) Participants/ Investors (E.g. Financial Institutions, Mutual Funds, etc.) A particular economy may be affected by events taking place in various parts of the world and so the overall investment environment has a major role to play in investment management. Investment Avenues There are a large number of alternatives available as far as the financial instruments for investment are concerned. However, these could be categorized into 4 major categories: Financial Securities: These include equity shares, convertible debentures, preference shares, gilt-edged securities, public sector bonds, savings certificate, money market securities, etc. These are freely tradable and negotiable. Non-securitized Financial Securities: These include bank deposits, post office deposits, provident fund schemes, life insurance, etc. and are neither tradable, transferrable nor negotiable. Mutual Fund Schemes: These are mainly equity or debt oriented schemes which are used when an investor does not want to invest in the market. Real Assets: These include physical investments typically in real estate, gold and silver, stamps, art objects, etc. Investment Attributes The major attributes to be considered when deciding upon an investment avenue include: Rate of Return: It comprises of annual income and capital gain or loss. It is given by Rate of Return= Annual Income+ (Ending Price-Beginning Price)/Beginning Price Risk: It refers to variance in the rate of return expected. Put in other words, it is the deviation of actual outcome of investment from expected value. Various techniques employed to measure risk include variance, standard deviation, etc. Marketability: Here the instrument must have a low transaction cost and must be easily tradable. Moreover, price change between 2 transactions is expected to be very low. Thus, an instrument must be highly marketable. Taxes: This attribute considers whether the investment avenue provides tax benefits. Tax benefits occur mainly in the form of Initial tax benefits, Continuing tax benefits and Terminal tax benefits. Convenience: It involves the degree and ease with which an inve stment can be managed. Comparison of Investment Avenues Investment Decision Making Approaches Following approaches have been considered when it comes to identifying investment strategies that can be implemented to gain maximum returns from various financial instruments: Fundamental Approach It deals with the intrinsic value of the instrument which is deeply affected factors related to overall economy, industry and company. Psychological Approach This approach is mainly driven by greed and fear which represent optimistic and pessimistic behaviour of investors respectively. Stock prices are driven majorly by emotions and hence the decision regarding investment is based accordingly. Here the investors use internal market data and analyze it through tools like bar charts, moving average analysis, etc. to understand the price movements. Academic Approach This approach reflects the rational behaviour of the stock markets. It relies on the flow of information over time and hence makes the stock markets much more reliable and efficient. The major equation describing this approach is as under: Current Market Price=Intrinsic Value Eclectic Approach This approach involves all the 3 approaches as mentioned above. Here standards and benchmarks are established through fundamental analysis. Demand-supply gap and investor mood are tracked through technical analysis. It stresses on a positive correlation between risk and return and denies the fact that market is speculative or perfect. Common Errors in Investment Management Following are some of the basic errors that investors make due to a lack in perception regarding the existing investment environment: Unrealistic goals and expectations Ambiguous Investment Policy Overconfidence of the Investor Unnecessary switching of stocks Averaging tendency and inclination for cheap stock Over/Under Diversification Attractiveness of known companies Bad attitude towards profit or losses Investor v/s. Speculator Investor Speculator Long Holding Period typically atleast a year Very short holding period of, say, few days or months Usually is moderate when it comes to risk taking Assumes to high risk taking Moderate Returns provide less risk High returns on high risk exposure Decision based on proper analysis Decision based on market psychology Active Asset Allocation Introduction For any investor, there exists a base amount with which he/she starts investing in various financial instruments. This base amount is known as the asset base. For instance one has savings worth INR 5 lacs and inheritance worth INR 25 lacs. Then, if the investor plans to invest this, then his total asset base would be INR 30 lacs. Now, asset allocation involves percentage distribution of various financial instruments in which the investor wishes his/her asset base to be divided among. Here the financial instruments stocks, bonds and cash. Here again there will be a trade off between performance of the portfolio and aversion to risk. Thus, asset allocation involves monitoring and evaluating investment plan to decide upon the optimal allocation of our asset base to various financial instruments in order to meet the performance criteria set for the portfolio. Asset Allocation Classes Basically there are 3 classes of asset allocation as mentioned under: Long-Term Asset Allocation It involves a passive process wherein risk and performance are balanced. Here analysis is done in terms of stability and performance about the asset mix which best meets the long-term investment plan. Active Asset Allocation It involves an active process wherein the strategy is usually buy low, sell high. Here performance of the portfolio is improved through mixing of assets in response to changing market opportunities. It is a dynamic process and hence the investor needs to be aware of the market fluctuations. Portfolio Insurance It involves an active strategy of buy high, sell low. This is usually implemented for shielding the portfolio against adverse market action and hence preventing the performance from degrading. Asset Allocation Process Asset allocation process is based on assumptions which state the role of securities market and related returns associated with various asset classes. The first assumption stating that securities market reflects the rate of returns available from various asset classes. The second assumption being that of a normal relationship among these returns. The third assumption being the fact that securities market correct disequilibrium conditions when they occur. Again markets deviating from the equilibrium have better prospects for profits. So, the allocation process should be a step-by-step approach after evaluation of risk return profile of each of the asset class considered. Portfolio Upgrade and the Use of Futures A portfolio basically consists of 2 categories of stocks namely the buy candidates, which are very attractive and hold candidates, which are mildly attractive. Portfolio upgrade is required whenever a need arises to shift from one asset class to another. In an investment decision to move from stocks to cash, an investor may sell hold candidates having potentially lower expected returns. Futures are used whenever there is a need to accomplish a change in the existing asset mix of portfolio. Futures reduce the transaction cost and hence are an attractive tool. However, with futures we need to maintain a cash reserve in the portfolio in order to provide for margins involved in the futures trade. Some of the advantages of futures include: Low Transaction Cost High Liquidity Fast Execution Daily trades possible Potential of Favourable Mispricing However, recording all transactions may pose a disadvantage to the use of futures. Investment Management and Trading in the Stock Market Introduction Stock Market trading involves buying and selling a quoted stock in a manner that generates profit for the investor. Stock market behaviour is volatile and at every step it may differ. Research findings show that a step is 6.25% of base price. So, if base price of a stock is INR 1000, then one step is INR 62.5. Phases in the Stock Market: Bull Phase: In this phase the stock prices are consistently rising. Equities traded in stock market at least taking 2 steps forward with 1 step back. Bear Phase: In this phase there is consistent fall in the stock prices. Equities trade in the stock market at least take 2 steps backward with 1 step forward. Consolidation Phase: In this phase equilibrium is reached and stocks traded take 1 step forward for every 1 step backward. Depending on the available information, participants tend to drive the stock prices up or down. Distribution Phase: In this phase prices are at their yearly highs and so strong investors sell to weak investors and after the selling is done, prices again move down. Determining Intrinsic Value of Stock Intrinsic value of a stock is determined through following steps: Calculate the Earnings Per Share of the stock (EPS is based on assumptions about revenue and cost behaviour. Expected EPS is ought to give an idea about the profit generating ability of the company) Calculate price earning multiplier (Reflects investors willingness to pay and markets valuation of companys stock) Identify Value Anchor and Value Range (Projected EPS * Suitable P/E Ratio) Margin of Safety Margin of Safety plays quite a crucial role when it comes to transactions of various financial instruments. The default strategy of buying low and selling high in itself ensures a margin of safety for the investors. However, it is associated with the profits that the enterprise is making. Opportunities for margin of safety arise during bear market conditions. However, the investor has to use technical analysis for making his buy or sell decisions and timing also plays an essential part in these decisions. Consider a stock of, say, XYZ Ltd. priced at INR 200(Base Price). Now, price level below INR 200 means that stock is under-valued and thus it provides the investor with a margin of safety. Now, if the price rises to INR 200 or above, a rational investor would be a seller. Time Value of Money Time Value of Money refers to exchange of money at different point of time. The time gap between inflows and outflows in an investment leads to different current values associated with cash flows at different points in time. There are four primary reasons for the fact that money in future is worth less than what it is worth today. These are: Rising Rate of Inflation Opportunity cost of Lost Earnings Uncertainty associated with future Human Preference to consume the goods now Compounding refers to situations where a current value is being converted to equivalent future value for comparison to another future value. Discounting on the other hand involves moving back in time to convert cash flow to be received in future to its equivalent current value. The concepts of compounding and discounting are widely used in comparison of various investment avenues and the risk associated with each of them. Time Value of Money enables the investor in estimating the amount of money that he needs to save in order to meet interest obligation in future. It also helps in identifying a loan amount an investor can take considering the ability to pay the monthly instalments. Investment Management and Inflation Inflation refers to a gradual increase in the level of prices and hence an increase in the supply of money. Although high inflation and rising stock prices is not a good sign for the investors, most investors still consider investing in the stocks, as expected revenues and earnings are expected to grow at the rate of rise in inflation. However, the investor would be paying more for less as there may be no real increase in value of assets. Stock Market Investment Rules Make investments in larger companies with P/E ratio 10 or below and invest in top 2-3 companies in each of the industry Invest in sunrise industries and keep P/E ratio and EPS in mind. High P/E Ratio means high investor confidence and expected rise in companys earnings in the near future. Watch out for low EPS Time your buys and sells High Returns can be earned from high priced stocks with reasonable price-earnings ratio Sell when P/E ratio shoots up to unrealistic levels or after a steep rise in stock prices Stock Market Investment Strategies Following points need to be taken into consideration when deciding upon an investment strategy in stock market: Company considered is market leader in its industry and is growing at a rapid pace. Diversify in order to ensure low risk and a margin of safety (Invest in companies in fast growing sectors of economy) Sell stocks only in certain specified conditions Advantages: Focus on Initial Selection, Savings on transaction costs, High returns from capital appreciation Stocks can be sold to en-cash profit or loss or when P/E ratio crosses 40 or when there is a sustained rise in stocks for a period of 1 year. Do not sell in order to earn short-term gains based on speculations Diversify over time and focus on long-term value creation Risk and Return Higher Rate of Returns means high amount of risk involved. Equity returns are mainly influenced by 5 factors as mentioned under: Unanticipated changes in default risk Unanticipated changes in term structure of interest rates Unanticipated changes in inflation rate Residual market risk and Unanticipated changes in long-run growth rates of profit The 4 types of risk involved include Business Risk, Inflation Risk, Interest Rate Risk, and Market Risk. Here the correlation of securitys return in a diversified portfolio determined its risk. Moreover, risk associated with a portfolio is not a linear function of standard deviation of risk of each individual security. The risk can be measured by standard deviation method is identified to have 2 components namely Non-Diversifiable Risk (Effect cannot be avoided) and Diversifiable Risk (Avoidable and unique to individual security). Capital Asset Pricing Model Assumptions of Capital Market Theory Investors base their investment decisions based on risk-return investments Purchase and sale of stocks can be done in infinitely divisible units Investors can short sell any amount of stocks without any limit Purchase and sell of stock by single investor cannot affect the price of that stock No transaction costs Absence of income tax considerations Consider an investor lending at a rate Rf=0.06(FD rate) which represents a risk free investment. If he places part of his funds at this riskless rate and part in other riskier securities, then he could generate portfolios along a line. Expected return would be given by equation Rp= X*Rm + (1-X)*Rf Rp=expected return on portfolio X=percentage of funds in risky portfolio Rm=expected return on risky assets Now, SDp= X* SDm SDp= expected standard deviation of the portfolio SDm=expected standard deviation of the risky assets If X is percentage of investment capital in risky assets, then if, X=1; Full Risky Portfolio X=1; Part invested in risky portfolio X=1; Implies that investor has borrowed funds to augment investment capital under his charge The Arbitrage Pricing Theory According to arbitrage theory, the returns on a stock vary depending on a number of expected as well as unexpected events that occur during the time for which investor holds his/her portfolio. According to this model, systemic factors have a larger impact on the performance and these factors pose major risk to the portfolio. In arbitrage pricing theory, the actual return R on any security or portfolio may be given by R= E+ b*f+ e where, E= Expected return on a given security or portfolio b=sensitivity of security to changes in systemic factors f=actual return on the systemic factors e=returns on unsystemic factors Here the major economic factors that can be considered include inflation, changes in levels of industrial production, changes in risk premiums, changes in interest rates, etc. Market Efficiency It describes the operational characteristics of market and is of 2 types mainly: Internally Efficient: Cheap Transactions, Brokerage, commissions and other charges included Externally Efficient: Stock prices reflect all available information 3 forms of market efficiency include: Weak: -Price fully reflects pricing and trading history of concerned security Semi-Strong: Price fully reflects all public information, including price and trading history Strong: Price fully reflects all relevant information, irrespective of the fact whether it is publicly available or not Role of Options and Futures Options and futures enable better investment risk management as they help the managers identify the risk patterns and behaviours. An option is a contract in which the writer of the option grants the buyer of the option the right to purchase or sell the writer an underlying security at a specified price. A future is a contract between a buyer and a seller, in which buyer agrees to take delivery and seller agrees to give delivery of some specific product at the end of a designated period of time. Options and futures can be used to create instruments that offer a higher return than a cash market instrument. They can also be used to adjust the risk exposure or alter the stock/bond mix of a portfolio. Future contracts can be used to reduce the transaction cost. Conclusion When we think of gaining returns on our savings and reserves, then we need to invest in various financial instruments. However, each of the instruments has a potential risk associated with it and so investment management targets on returns adjusting against risk in order to generate profit for the investor. The investment has to be made at the right time and the portfolio, which comprises of various instruments, needs to be monitored in order to ensure its stability and performance against market uncertainty.